A flow battery is a type of rechargeable battery where chemical energy is stored in external tanks and converted to electrical energy through ion exchange across a membrane. Unlike conventional batteries where energy storage is confined within the cell, flow batteries separate energy storage and power generation components, allowing for potentially indefinite scaling of storage capacity by adjusting tank size. This design offers flexibility in managing energy demand, making flow batteries suitable for large-scale energy storage applications such as renewable energy integration, grid stabilization, and backup power systems.

Flowmeters is also known as flow sensors, are electronic devices that primarily measure or manage the flow rate of liquids and gasses within the pipes and tubes. The sensors are normally connected to the gauges to render their measurements; nevertheless, they can also be connected to computers and digital interfaces. In addition, they are also used in HVAC systems, medical devices, chemical factories, and septic systems. The growing stringency in regulations related to the control of emission of toxic gas from the power plants has also increased the adoption of the flow meters.