Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) is an indoor technology-based crop production system where crops are grown under a highly conditioned & modified environment. The greenhouse sector along with vertical farming and hydroculture are the major forms of CEA used in horticultural production. CEA production is quite labor intensive, and requires a labor force for a vast range of critical production tasks such as propagation, movement, planting, and management of plants, along with pest management, cleaning, pruning, harvesting, sorting, and packaging of the produce. By 2050, it is projected that there will be around nine billion people living on Earth, and with the rise in population, the need for food will ultimately grow.

Regenerative agriculture is a substantial method and rehabilitation approach to farming and food systems that focuses on restoring and replenishing the water, soil, and air conditions so that the harmful effects of industrial agriculture can be overcome. Regenerative agriculture is effective to improve soil health as well as reverse the changing climatic conditions.